El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad mostrar cómo la regla hermenéutica tal cual es descripta por Hans-Georg Gadamer en Wahrheit und Methode representa un sistema de significación que produce texto. Para ello se utilizará la semiótica de Iuri Lotman y la semiótica connotativa de Hjelmslev como cooperaciones teóricas que posibilitan describir con mayor analiticidad la regulación de la regla hermenéutica en el fenómeno de la comprensión.

Ratio Juris, Volume 35, Issue 3, Page 310-326, September 2022.

O trabalho apresenta diferentes interpretações sobre a “democracia decidadãos proprietários” (DCP), um regime que permite a propriedadeprivada dos meios de produção e se mostra superior, segundo Rawls, aocapitalismo de bem-estar. Discuto, primeiro, se a dispersão do capitalambicionada pela DCP deve ser tomada como algo distinto de dispersãoda riqueza. Trato, em segundo lugar, da questão de saber se o que importapara a caracterização da DCP é apenas o resultado – seja ele a dispersãodo capital ou da riqueza – ou também o (...) meio de obtê-lo, caso no qual a DCPpoderia ser entendida como regime predistributivo (em contraposição ao“welfare state”, um regime eminentemente redistributivo). Minha conclusão,em suma, é que, afora o que concerne ao “capital humano”, há razões parapreferir uma conceituação simples, que defina a DCP como regime que logradispersar a riqueza em considerável medida. A última seção responde, ainda,a algumas críticas à DCP como alternativa ao capitalismo de bem-estar. (shrink)

Rawls propõe uma “divisão do trabalho” entre as instituições que compõem a estrutura básica da sociedade e as regras diretamente aplicáveis a indivíduos e associações. O artigo expõe e refuta o argumento de que é compatível com a concepção rawlsiana de justiça defender um ideal de justiça não distributivo para o direito privado. Alega-se, em suma, que o direito privado é necessário para manter o que Rawls chama de “justiça de fundo”, bem como que esse papel pode ser desempenhado sem (...) abrir mão de uma relativa simplicidade normativa. (shrink)

RESUMO O artigo examina se há alguma incompatibilidade entre práticas de discriminação privada e as duas partes do segundo princípio da justiça de Rawls, o princípio da equitativa igualdade de oportunidades e o princípio da diferença. Argumento que a discriminação no trabalho e em outras áreas importantes para o desenvolvimento das aptidões inatas somente atenta contra o PEIO quando tem como efeito geral o de tornar substancialmente desiguais as chances de cidadãos com similares aptidões inatas e motivação exercerem determinadas ocupações. (...) Comento também algumas dificuldades para considerar vedados pelo PEIO dois casos comuns de discriminação, a discriminação baseada em qualidade de reação e a discriminação por indicadores. Em relação ao PD, defendo que a proibição à discriminação privada se relaciona ao bem primário das bases sociais do autorrespeito e está circunscrita aos casos de discriminação degradante, como tal entendida, de acordo com Hellman, aquela cujo sentido expressivo é o de negar o igual status moral das pessoas pertencentes a um certo grupo. ABSTRACT This paper investigates the incompatibility between practices of private discrimination and the two parts of Rawls' second principle of justice, the fair equality of opportunity and the difference principle. I submit that discrimination at workplace and other sectors that are crucial for the development of natural talents only violates FEO when possessing the general effect of rendering substantially unequal the occupational chances of citizens with similar innate talents and motivation. I also point to some difficulties in proscribing, according to FEO, two common instances of discrimination, reaction qualification and proxy discrimination. Regarding the DP, my main statement is that a ban on private discrimination is related to the primary good of the social bases of self-respect and is circumscribed to instances of demeaning discrimination, defined, according to Hellman, as discrimination whose expressive meaning is denying people belonging to a given group their equal moral status. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false ES-CO X-NONE X-NONE La hermenéutica filosófica de Gadamer ha restituido la historia global de la hermenéutica para el pensamiento contemporáneo. Su proyecto filosófico se alinea a una historia que incluye pensadores como Heidegger, Dilthey o Schleiermacher. Pero en esta línea histórica la hermenéutica durante su etapa ilustrada ha quedado olvidada. La hermenéutica ilustrada de los siglos XVII y XVIII no ha sido tenida en cuenta por los proyectos hermenéuticos contemporáneos. Nuestro interés radica en observar (...) cómo esta etapa, a pesar de haber sido relegada, influye en el proyecto contemporáneo de la hermenéutica gadameriana. Según esto, nos abocaremos a dilucidar cómo actúa la naciente hermenéutica profana durante la modernidad. Para ello nos centraremos en algunos autores modernos como Chladenius y Dannhauer, a través de los cuales observaremos las problemáticas que trabajan en el campo hermenéutico y sus intentos de resolución. Y por último, intentaremos delinear aquellos aportes propios de estos autores en el proyecto contemporáneo de Gadamer. (shrink)

RESUMENEn el presente trabajo tiene como fin exponer la función de la reflexión en la propuesta hermenéutica de Hans Georg Gadamer. Para ello se mostrará la opacidad trascendental que muestran los términos de «lenguaje» e «historia» como condiciones de posibilidad de la comprensión. Esto tiene como fin descubrir que la hermenéutica de Gadamer se estructura a partir de una semántica inefable y de una doble dimensión del lenguaje donde la reflexión crítica se sitúa como eje del diálogo hermenéutico a partir (...) de la dialéctica de la pregunta y respuesta.PALABRAS CLAVEGADAMER, OPACIDAD TRASCENDENTAL, DIALÉCTICA DE LA PREGUNTA Y RESPUESTA, SEMÁNTICA INEFABLE, REFLEXIÓN HERMENÉUTICAABSTRACTThis paper aims to present the function of reflection in the hermeneutic proposal of Hans-Georg Gadamer showing the transcendental opacity inherent to the terms «language» and «history» as conditions of possibility for understanding. Our objective is to demonstrate that the hermeneutic of Gadamer is framed on the basis of indescribable semantics and a double dimension of language in which critical reflection constitutes the axis of the hermeneutic dialogue based on the question-answer dialectics.KEYWORDSGADAMER, TRASCENDENTAL OPACITY, DIALECTIC OF THE QUESTION AND ANSWER, INDESCRIBABLE SEMANTICS, HERMENEUTIC REFLECTION. (shrink)

El reemplazo de la idea heideggeriana del ser-para-la muerte por la noción gadameriana del ser-para-el-texto tiene consecuencias de importantes desarrollos dentro de la hermenéutica filosófica. El presente trabajo aborda, en un primer momento, el llamado "principio de indisponibilidad del lenguaje" ..

RESUMENA partir de las problemáticas desarrolladas por Charles Taylor y su explí­cita adhesión al programa gadameriano de la hermenéutica se intentará desarrollar la noción de fusión de horizontes con respecto a dos cuestiones inherentes a ella. Por un lado el papel que cumple en el entendimiento entre esquemas comprensivos diferentes; y por otro lado, la ambigüedad del carácter de la misma fusión. Esto en referencia a lo siguiente: o bien se trata de la fusión de horizontes distintos o bien se (...) trata de una fusión interna en un solo horizonte, con lo cual lo primero resulta ser sólo una mera apariencia.PALABRAS CLAVEHERMENÉUTICA, GADAMER, FUSIÓN DE HORIZONTES, ALTERIDADABSTRACTIn this paper I analyse Charles Taylor’s notion of horizons fusion, which comes from Gadamer’s Hermeneutics (as Taylor avows). Two problems are discussed: on the one hand, the role of this notion regarding the understanding between different comprehensive schemes and, on the other hand the ambiguity of fusion in itself, insofar as it can be seen either as the fusion of different horizons, or as an internal fusion in the context of one horizon. Thus the first possibility becomes a mere appearance.KEY WORDSHERMENEUTICS, GADAMER, HORIZONS FUSION, OTHERNESS. (shrink)

This paper aims to show two things. On the one hand, it aims to discover that the interpretation executed by Gadamer of the Dilthian hermeneutic project ends up being one sided and reductionist in several respects, and therefore does not do justice to the fundamental hermeneutical plan of the critique of historical reason. Furthermore, we will show how Gadamerian hermeneutics continue with the Dilthian project assimilating trascendental elements that, ultimately, structurally operate the philosophical hermeneutics.

El presente trabajo tiene como fin describir la relación entre retórica y hermenéutica en la obra de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Un primer paso consiste enreconocer los elementos de la retórica en el contexto de Verdad y Método.Apartir de allí se intentará mostrar lo que Gadamer entiende por la recuperación hermenéutica de la retórica antigua sobre la base de tres tópicos. Elprimero radica en mostrar que la retórica, al igual que la hermenéutica, alcanzaun estatus ontológico. En segundo lugar, que la retórica es (...) parte fundamentalen la formación de los conceptos mediante el elemento de la analogía.Y en tercer lugar, la íntima relación que mantiene la hermenéutica con laretórica a un nivel de argumentación racional sobre la base de la noción deverosimilitud (eikós). (shrink)

Em 1377, o célebre bispo de Oviedo, Gutierre Gómez de Toledo, celebrou um sínodo reformista em que se promulgaram diretrizes para a ação do clero, incluindo uma constituição sobre a ação catequética na diocese. Apregoava o prelado que “como, segundo as ordenações dos santos padres, a principal carga e cura devem haver os que têm alguns súditos” consistia em ensiná-los as lições pelas quais seriam salvos”. Por isso, os arciprestes e curas eram obrigados a apresentar “aos seus súditos e paroquianos (...) os feitos divinais e virtuosos. (shrink)

Das Crises às possibilidades da Educação Superior no Brasil: uma leitura a partir de Hannah Arendt Resumo: O texto procura entender os pressupostos da educação superior no Brasil e faz considerações sobre seus limites e potencialidades à luz de Hannah Arendt. Segundo Hannah Arendt, a crise da educação remete-se a uma crise de estabilidade de todas as instituições políticas e sociais. E para o enfrentamento dessa crise, Hannah Arendt sugere reconsiderar a crise da modernidade para se repensar criticamente o papel (...) da educação no mundo contemporâneo. De fato, sua reflexão assevera que a educação está entre as atividades mais elementares e necessárias da sociedade humana, e, por isso, tem de ser continuamente repensada em função das transformações do mundo no qual nascem novos seres humanos. Hannah Arendt, questiona e faz pensar como que a crise da e na educação impede todo desenvolvimento de tarefas e dinâmicas que ajudem, especialmente aos estudantes (em qualquer área de conhecimento) a possuírem e produzirem um conhecimento que leve a um enfrentamento de situações críticas do quotidiano. Palavras-Chave: Hannah Arendt; Educação Superior; Crise na Educação; Cidadania; Direito Educacional. From Crises to Possibilities of Higher Education in Brazil: a Reading Based on Hannah Arendt Abstract: The text aims to understand assumptions of higher education in Brazil and makes considerations about limits and potentialities concerning those assumptions in the light of Hannah Arendt. According to Hannah Arendt, the crisis in education refers to a crisis of stability of all political and social institutions. And to envisage this crisis, Hannah Arendt suggests reconsidering the crisis of modernity to critically rethink the role of education in the contemporary world. In fact, her reflection asserts that education is among the most fundamental and necessary activities of human society, and, therefore, it must be continually rethought considering transformations in the world in which new human beings are born. Hannah Arendt, questions and makes us think about how the crisis of and in education prevents any development of tasks and dynamics that help, especially for students (in any area of knowledge) to possess and produce knowledge that leads to facing critical situations in the everyday. Keywords: Hannah Arendt; Higher Education; Crisis on Education; Citizenship; Educational Law. Des crises aux possibilités d e l’enseignement supérieur au Brésil : une lecture chez Hannah Arendt Résumé: Le texte a le but de comprendre les présupposés de l'enseignement supérieur au Brésil et fait des considérations sur ses limites et ses potentialités à la lumière d'Hannah Arendt. Selon Hannah Arendt, la crise de l'éducation renvoie à une crise de stabilité de toutes les institutions politiques et sociales. Et pour faire face à cette crise, Hannah Arendt propose de reconsidérer la crise de la modernité afin de repenser de manière critique le rôle de l'éducation dans le monde contemporain. En effet, sa réflexion affirme que l'éducation fait partie des activités les plus élémentaires et les plus nécessaires de la société humaine et qu'elle doit, donc, être continuellement repensée à la lumière des transformations du monde dans lesquelles de nouveaux êtres humains voient le jour. Hannah Arendt, interroge et fait réfléchir sur la façon dont la crise de et dans l'éducation empêche tout développement de tâches et de dynamiques qui aident, en particulier pour les étudiants (dans n'importe quel domaine de la connaissance) à posséder et produire des connaissances qui conduisent à faire face à des situations critiques dans le quotidien. Mots-Clés : Hannah Arendt; Enseignement supérieur; crise de l'éducation; citoyenneté; droit éducatif. Data de registro: 23/12/2021 Data de aceite: 15/03/2022. (shrink)

This study aims to analyze, genealogically, a sort of introductory topology of the problems of government at the thought of Foucault, especially as regards the conditions of possibility and the most relevant features of the invention of the concept biopolitics. What is the purpose here is not the simple application of the concepts in their historical perspectives, but to make the mapping of the concepts, the course on Foucault. For this, the governments in association with the pastoral power, with the (...) geneses and development of policial economy. (shrink)

Higher education in the 21st century faces the challenge of changing the way in which knowledge is conveyed and how teachers and students interact in the teaching-learning process. The current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has hastened the need to face up to this challenge and has furthered the need to approach the issue from the perspective of digitalisation. To achieve this, it is necessary to design training programmes geared towards teaching staff and which address both the use of technology and (...) instructional design aimed at promoting the development of self-regulated learning and automatic feedback systems. In this study, work was carried out with 23 teachers in a training programme conducted through Moodle. The aims were: to test whether there were any significant differences between the behaviour patterns of new teachers compared to experienced teachers, to determine whether clusters of behaviour patterns corresponded to the type of teacher and to ascertain whether the level of teacher satisfaction with the training activity in digital teaching will depend on the type of teacher. A quantitative as well as a qualitative design was applied. Differences were found in the behaviour patterns in the training activities for the development of rubrics and use of learning analytics systems in virtual learning environments. It was also found that the type of teacher did not correspond exactly to the behaviour cluster in the learning platform. In addition, no significant differences were found in the level of satisfaction between the two kinds of teacher. The main contribution this study makes is to provide a detailed description of the training stage as well as the materials required for its repetition. Further analytical studies are required on teacher perception of training programmes in digital teaching in order to provide personalised training proposals that lead to an effective use of teaching in digital environments. (shrink)

We prove that Martin’s Axiom implies the existence of a Cohen-indestructible mad family such that the Mathias forcing associated to its filter adds dominating reals, while \ is consistent with the negation of this statement as witnessed by the Laver model for the consistency of Borel’s conjecture.

O presente artigo aborda a questão do outro no interior do pensamento de Martin Heidegger. Tal problemática, não obstante, será examina a partir da pressuposição das tonalidades afetivas, fenômeno caracterizado em toda a produção filosófica do pensador, embora, nessa ocasião, seja dada ênfase a obras anteriores a 1930. A convivência como modalidade do ser-com mostra-se imbuída e perpassada por afecções que regionalizam o mundo e plasmam espaços de interação e apropriação dos modos de ser. A pesquisa versa sobre algumas dimensões (...) e experiências as quais o ser-aí instaura em seu horizonte hermenêutico de maneira a se orientar por “afecções” específicas, mostrando a dinâmica da convivência em suas relações de proximidade e diferença por meio de tonalidades afetivas, bem como mediante estruturas existenciais, como a preocupação. O estudo pretende, por fim, mostrar alguns meandros da análise de Heidegger quanto ao “tema” do outro, já que esse é um assunto pouco debatido pelo pensador, uma vez que suas reflexões incidem precisamente no esforço de ruptura com a noção tradicional de “homem”, o que justifica seu ensejo por questões distintas daquela que na presente ocasião se visa discutir. (shrink)

Desde finales de la década de 1980 aparece como una constante en las teorizaciones de la Comunicación Pública de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CPCT) y en el campo CTS en general un constructo denominado por Brian Wynne el “Modelo del Déficit” (MD), consistente en asumir como premisa la ignorancia del público general en temas de ciencia y tecnología. Martin Bauer asegura que la evolución de los paradigmas de la CPCT en las décadas siguientes respondió a sucesivos intentos de alejarse (...) de tal constructo, que, sin embargo, sostiene, sigue vigente. No obstante, el concepto de MD al que recurre Bauer parece diferente, lo que genera interrogantes sobre tal aseveración. Proponemos aquí una primera reconstrucción estructuralista de los tres paradigmas reconocidos por Bauer a fin de elucidar esta compleja cuestión clave de esta disciplina. (shrink)

A de minimis risk is defined as a risk that is so small that it may be legitimately ignored when making a decision. While ignoring small risks is common in our day-to-day decision making, attempts to introduce the notion of a de minimis risk into the framework of decision theory have run up against a series of well-known difficulties. In this paper, I will develop an enriched decision theoretic framework that is capable of overcoming two major obstacles to the modelling (...) of de minimis risk. The key move is to introduce, into decision theory, a non-probabilistic conception of risk known as normic risk. (shrink)

The tremendous advances of research into artificial intelligence as well as neuroscience made over the last two to three decades have given further support to a renewed interest into philosophical discussions of the mind-body problem. Especially the last decade has seen a revival of panpsychist and idealist considerations, often focused on solving philosophical puzzles like the socalled hard problem of consciousness.1–9 While a number of respectable philosophers advocate some sort of panpsychistic solution to the mind-body problem now, fewer advocate that (...) idealism can contribute substantially to the debate. Interest in idealism has nevertheless risen again, as can be seen also from recent overview articles and collections of works.10–14 The working hypothesis here is that a properly formulated idealism can not only provide an alternative view of the mind/matter gap, but that this new view will also shed light on open questions in our common scientific, i.e. materialist, world view. To investigate this possibility, idealism first of all needs a model for the integration of modern science which allows for a mathematically consistent reinterpretation of the physical world as a limiting case of a both material and non-material world, which would make the outcome of idealistic considerations accessible to scientific investigation. To develop such a model I will first try to explain what I mean when I speak of a ‘scientifically tenable’ idealism, including a formulation of the emanation problem which for idealism replaces the interaction problem, then give a very brief summary of the available elements of such a theory in the philosophical literature, before sketching out some ‘design questions’ which have to be answered upon the construction of such models, and finally put forward a first model for a scientifically tenable objective idealism. (shrink)

Die vier Studien dieses Bandes behandeln alle das Problem, wie sich ein gutes Leben zu einem moralisch guten Leben verhält. Jede untersucht dieses Verhältnis von einer anderen Seite her; jede führt auf ihre Weise zu dem Schluß, daß der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Guten und dem moralisch Guten weder als letztendliche Identität noch als begriffliche Priorität einer der beiden Komponenten verstanden werden darf. Zusammen bilden sie den Entwurf einer praktischen Philosophie, die die Begriffe des individuellen Guten und des moralisch Richtigen als (...) interdependente Grundbegriffe versteht. (shrink)

This volume consists of two lecture series given by Heidegger in the 1940s and 1950s. The lectures given in Bremen constitute the first public lectures Heidegger delivered after World War II, when he was officially banned from teaching. Here, Heidegger openly resumes thinking that deeply engaged him with Hölderlin's poetry and themes developed in his earlier works. In the Freiburg lectures Heidegger ponders thought itself and freely engages with the German idealists and Greek thinkers who had provoked him in the (...) past. Andrew J. Mitchell's translation allows English-speaking readers to explore important connections with Heidegger's earlier works on language, logic, and reality. (shrink)

Earlier in this century, many philosophers of science (for example, Rudolf Carnap) drew a fairly sharp distinction between theory and observation, between theoretical terms like 'mass' and 'electron', and observation terms like 'measures three meters in length' and 'is _2° Celsius'. By simply looking at our instruments we can ascertain what numbers our measurements yield. Creatures like mass are different: we determine mass by calculation; we never directly observe a mass. Nor an electron: this term is introduced in order to (...) explain what we observe. This (once standard) distinction between theory and observation was eventually found to be wanting. First, if the distinction holds, it is difficult to see what can characterize the relationship between theory :md observation. How can theoretical terms explain that which is itself in no way theorized? The second point leads out of the first: are not the instruments that provide us with observational material themselves creatures of theory? Is it really possible to have an observation language that is entirely barren of theory? The theory-Iadenness of observation languages is now an accept ed feature of the logic of science. Many regard such dependence of observation on theory as a virtue. If our instruments of observation do not derive their meaning from theories, whence comes that meaning? Surely - in science - we have nothing else but theories to tell us what to try to observe. (shrink)

Drosophila flies began to be used in the study of species evolution during the late 1930s. The geneticists Natasha Sivertzeva-Dobzhansky and Elizabeth Reed pioneered this work in the United States, and María Monclús conducted similar studies in Spain. The research they carried out with their husbands enabled Drosophila population genetics to take off and reveals a genealogy of women geneticists grounded in mutual inspiration. Their work also shows that women were present in population genetics from the beginning, although their contributions (...) have previously remained unacknowledged. The similarities between their research biographies also illustrate their position in a genealogy of partnerships working on Drosophila genetics. (shrink)

Christian Georg Martin offers an argumentative reconstruction of the whole work, reading it as a critical ontology, namely as the attempt to abstract from all presuppositions and to immanently unfold conceptual determinations characterizing ...

Discussion of sexuality in African cultures has a long history, but since the 1990s ethical reflections on homosexuality on the continent have often degenerated into furors and provoked a spate of anti-gay legislation in several countries. Refutations of homophobic dispositions encounter as barrier a pervasive belief in African cultures, that childbearing for community replenishment is a cherished moral duty. Several philosophers consider these to be exaggerated inhibitions that unjustifiably impede social acceptance of homosexuality, and have proposed as a solution what (...) they consider to be self-justifying political-moral principles, that terminate in value-pluralistic ideas such as the acceptance of the equality of sexual orientations and vindication of the right to the freedom to choose and satisfy sexual desire. I question the adequacy of such self-justificatory normative principles and consider the solutions they proffer as depreciating the moral point of the African pro-natalist position. Consequently, I develop a moral argument grounded in the ontology of Kwame Gyekye’s moderate communitarian theory of personhood as the most persuasive justification for homosexuality. (shrink)

Martin Schroder zeigt, wie Gewerkschaften, Betriebsrate und soziale Bewegungen Unternehmen mit moralischen Argumenten kritisieren und inwiefern dies unternehmerisches Handeln beeinflusst.

This article discusses the new reproductive technology of egg freezing in the context of existing literature on gender, medicalization, and infertility. What is unique about this technology is its use by women who are not currently infertile but who may anticipate a future diagnosis. This circumstance gives rise to a new ontological category of “anticipated infertility.” The author draws on participant observation and a qualitative analysis of scientific, mainstream, and marketing literature to identify and compare the representation of two different (...) candidates for egg freezing: women with cancer and healthy young women. Although both populations experience anticipated infertility, their dichotomous portrayals as appropriate candidates are demonstrative of gender norms linking women to motherhood. Egg freezing is a concise illustration of how the medicalization of women’s bodies and bodily processes masks a host of cultural anxieties about aging, illness, reproduction, and risk. (shrink)

Group agents like businesses, political parties, universities, and charity organisations dominate our social and political landscapes. Their activities dictate our legal structures, the availability of education and healthcare, and our collective leap into climate crisis. Hence, it is crucial that we understand both the norms of these group agents and how these norms arise. will argue for applying the organisational account of normativity to group agents as the best means to achieve this understanding. Roughly, the organisational account says that the (...) norms of an agent are determined by that agent’s structure insofar as that structure dictates both what the agent is capable of and what is necessary for its persistence in its present environment. I argue that expanding the organisational account to group agents best positions us to understand both what a group’s norms are and how they arise. I suggest that the organisational account provides us with a powerful tool for addressing unjust collective behaviours in the social and political spheres. (shrink)

Divided into four parts, this treatise begins with well-known criticisms of nonreligious ethics and then develops an atheistic metaethics. In Part 2, Martin criticizes the Christian foundation of ethics, specifically the ’divine command theory’ and the idea of imitating the life of Jesus as the basis of Christian morality. Part 3 demonstrates that life can be meaningful in the absence of religious belief. Part 4 criticizes the theistic point of view in general terms as well as the specific Christian doctrines (...) of the atonement, salvation, and the resurrection. (publisher, edited). (shrink)

From the early 1790s until after the turn of the century, a very productive but also controversial exchange took place between Reinhold and Fichte. Though many key aspects of post-Kantian philosophy were discussed, the philosophical confrontation between Reinhold and Fichte is most instructive for the understanding of post-Kantian philosophy. The exchange started when Fichte published his verdict on Reinhold's Elementarphilosophie and disapproved of its fundamental principle. In 1794 Fichte challenged Reinhold by presenting his Wissenschaftslehre. Reinhold was not convinced of Fichte's (...) foundation of philosophy at first, but announced that he accepted the Wissenschaftslehre in 1797. While Reinhold and Fichte officially collaborated in the following three years, tensions concerning fundamental questions were still present. When Reinhold adopted Rational Realism, his relation to Fichte deteriorated and the exchange between the two finally ended. The contributions in the present collection focus on the central systematic issues at the different stages of the confrontation between Fichte and Reinhold, thereby illuminating questions that are essential to the understanding of the evolution of post-Kantian German philosophy. (shrink)

Abstract: Several critics of contextualism claim that this view cannot consistently maintain its advertised neutrality between skepticism and anti-skepticism. Some critics contend that contextualists are forced to side with the skeptic, since any defense of contextualism unavoidably puts in place the skeptic's high requirements for knowledge; others hold that the contextualists' claim to have knowledge of what their own view entails forces them to reject the skeptic's knowledge denial. I show that these arguments misconstrue the role of context in contextualism, (...) and explain how we are to understand the contextualist's proposed agreement with both the skeptic's knowledge denial and the anti-skeptic's knowledge attribution. (shrink)